{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5777","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5777,"authors_free":[{"id":6690,"entry_id":5777,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":null,"person_id":null,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Carol Lea Clark","free_first_name":"Carol Lea","free_last_name":"Clark","norm_person":null}],"entry_title":"Aristotle and Averroes: The Influences of Aristotle's Arabic Commentator upon Western European and Arabic Rhetoric","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"Aristotle and Averroes: The Influences of Aristotle's Arabic Commentator upon Western European and Arabic Rhetoric"},"abstract":"During the 9th through 12th centuries, Aristotle's works, including the Rhetoric, were translated and studied in Arabic centers of learning, following the Prophet Mohammad's injunction to \u201cseek knowledge even unto China.\u201d Averroes (Ibn Rushd, d. 1198), the most prominent of the scholars who wrote commentaries on Aristotle's works, advocated that pagan Greek philosophical logic and rhetoric complimented, rather than contradicted, Islamic teaching. However, Averroes's strictly rationalist views and appreciation for pagan Greek philosophy clashed with an intensification of Islamic orthodoxy toward the end of the 12th century, and the commentator's reputation declined or disappearerd in Islamic centers of learning. Many of Averroes's works, though, were translated into Latin, Hebrew, and other languages, and his texts were studied along with Aristotle's in medieval Europe. This essay attempts to sbhow that, in a minor way, Averroes's heritage as an Aristotelian commentator continues to be studied and, thus, to influence rhetoric in both Western and Arabic countries. It also demonstrates, however, that these desultory efforts do not take advantage of the potential for insightful scholarship on this subject. In the long history of the dominant intellectual tradition of the Muslim world, Averroes offered for a brief few years the revolutionary perspective that logic, and consequently, rhetoric was independent of ideology or religion. The ramifications of that perspective have yet to be fully explored.","btype":3,"date":"2007","language":"English","online_url":"","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15358590701596955","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":23,"category_name":"Commentary","link":"bib?categories[]=Commentary"},{"id":21,"category_name":"Aristotle","link":"bib?categories[]=Aristotle"},{"id":24,"category_name":"Influence","link":"bib?categories[]=Influence"},{"id":48,"category_name":"Rhetoric","link":"bib?categories[]=Rhetoric"}],"authors":[],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":5777,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Review of Communication","volume":"7","issue":"4","pages":"369-387"}},"sort":["Aristotle and Averroes: The Influences of Aristotle's Arabic Commentator upon Western European and Arabic Rhetoric"]}

{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"2050","_score":null,"_source":{"id":2050,"authors_free":[{"id":2495,"entry_id":2050,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1286,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique Woerther","free_first_name":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique","free_last_name":"Woerther","norm_person":{"id":1286,"first_name":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique","last_name":"Woerther","full_name":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique Woerther","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/13670932X","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]=Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique Woerther"}}],"entry_title":"De l\u2019\u1f51\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 au \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647. L\u2019interpr\u00e9tation de l\u2019action oratoire par Averro\u00e8s dans le Commentaire moyen \u00e0 la Rh\u00e9torique d\u2019Aristote","title_transcript":"De l\u2019hypokrisis au akhdh bi-l-wuj\u00fbd. L\u2019interpr\u00e9tation de l\u2019action oratoire par Averro\u00e8s dans le commentaire moyen \u00e0 la Rh\u00e9torique d\u2019Aristote","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"De l\u2019\u1f51\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 au \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647. L\u2019interpr\u00e9tation de l\u2019action oratoire par Averro\u00e8s dans le Commentaire moyen \u00e0 la Rh\u00e9torique d\u2019Aristote"},"abstract":"The notion of \u1f51\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (hypokrisis) was employed for the first time with the meaning of \u201crhetorical delivery\u201d in Aristotle\u2019s Rhetoric, where it is the target of a short and highly critical analysis. A practice borrowed directly from the theatre, and apparently resistant to any form of technicisation that might give it a legitimate place alongside the other means of rhetorical persuasion, \u1f51\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (hypokrisis) was nevertheless extremely effective\u2013as Aristotle acknowledged with undisguised irritation. In the face of Aristotle\u2019s ambivalence, and torn between a purist and idealist conception of rhetoric on the one hand, and the contemporary reality of speech, which required him to recognise a practice of which he could not approve, on the other, what was Averroes\u2019 attitude in his Middle Commentary on the Rhetoric? Dependent on the Arabic version of the Rhetoric where the term \u1f51\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (hypokrisis) was \u2013 with one exception \u2013 translated by the expression \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647 (a\u1e2b\u1e0f bi-l-wu\u01e7\u016bh) \u2013 \u201cthe taking of faces\u201d \u2013, has Averroes followed Aristotle in his hesitations and reticences? Or has he instead chosen to legitimise the use of hypokrisis in rhetorical technique? The analysis of the Rushdian interpretation of the \u2018taking of faces\u2019 will allow a better understanding of Averroes\u2019 exegetical method, and grasp of what it meant, to him, to be faithful to the First Master.","btype":3,"date":"2015","language":"French","online_url":"","doi_url":"","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":21,"category_name":"Aristotle","link":"bib?categories[]=Aristotle"},{"id":48,"category_name":"Rhetoric","link":"bib?categories[]=Rhetoric"},{"id":23,"category_name":"Commentary","link":"bib?categories[]=Commentary"}],"authors":[{"id":1286,"full_name":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique Woerther","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":2050,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Studia Graeco-Arabica","volume":"5","issue":null,"pages":"59-76"}},"sort":["De l\u2019\u1f51\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 au \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647. L\u2019interpr\u00e9tation de l\u2019action oratoire par Averro\u00e8s dans le Commentaire moyen \u00e0 la Rh\u00e9torique d\u2019Aristote"]}

{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5458","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5458,"authors_free":[{"id":6322,"entry_id":5458,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1440,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Fouad Ben Ahmed","free_first_name":"Fouad","free_last_name":"Ben Ahmed","norm_person":{"id":1440,"first_name":"Fouad","last_name":"Ben Ahmed","full_name":"Fouad Ben Ahmed","short_ident":"FouBen","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1204161321","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]=Fouad Ben Ahmed"}}],"entry_title":"Ibn Rushd on Knowledge, Pleasures, and Analogy","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"Ibn Rushd on Knowledge, Pleasures, and Analogy"},"abstract":"","btype":3,"date":"2021","language":"English","online_url":"https:\/\/philosmus.org\/en\/archives\/894","doi_url":"","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":27,"category_name":"Logic","link":"bib?categories[]=Logic"},{"id":12,"category_name":"Psychology","link":"bib?categories[]=Psychology"},{"id":31,"category_name":"Metaphysics","link":"bib?categories[]=Metaphysics"},{"id":44,"category_name":"Poetics","link":"bib?categories[]=Poetics"},{"id":48,"category_name":"Rhetoric","link":"bib?categories[]=Rhetoric"}],"authors":[{"id":1440,"full_name":"Fouad Ben Ahmed","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":5458,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Philosophy and Scienes in Muslim Contexts","volume":"","issue":"","pages":""}},"sort":["Ibn Rushd on Knowledge, Pleasures, and Analogy"]}

{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5775","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5775,"authors_free":[{"id":6688,"entry_id":5775,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":null,"person_id":1898,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Shane Borrowman","free_first_name":"Shane ","free_last_name":"Borrowman","norm_person":{"id":1898,"first_name":"Shane ","last_name":"Borrowman","full_name":"Shane Borrowman","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":null,"dnb_url":"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/138408211","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":null,"link":"bib?authors[]=Shane Borrowman"}}],"entry_title":"The Islamization of Rhetoric: Ibn Rushd and the Reintroduction of Aristotle into Medieval Europe","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"The Islamization of Rhetoric: Ibn Rushd and the Reintroduction of Aristotle into Medieval Europe"},"abstract":"The development of the rhetorical tradition in the West owes a largely unacknowledged debt to Islamic scholars. Between 711 and 1492 CE, Muslim-controlled Spain became a significant site of scholarly inquiry into the European Classical heritage\u2014often involving the efforts of Christian, Jewish, and Muslim thinkers. One of the luminaries of this scholarly tradition is Ibn Rushd (known more generally by his Latinized name, Averroes), known to Medieval thinkers as \u201cThe Commentator\u201d for his vast, multifaceted corpus of work on Aristotle, The Master of Those Who Know.","btype":3,"date":"2008","language":"English","online_url":"","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07350190802339242","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":21,"category_name":"Aristotle","link":"bib?categories[]=Aristotle"},{"id":48,"category_name":"Rhetoric","link":"bib?categories[]=Rhetoric"},{"id":43,"category_name":"Tradition and Reception","link":"bib?categories[]=Tradition and Reception"}],"authors":[{"id":1898,"full_name":"Shane Borrowman","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":5775,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Rhetoric Reviewv","volume":"27","issue":"4 (October-December 2008)","pages":"341-360"}},"sort":["The Islamization of Rhetoric: Ibn Rushd and the Reintroduction of Aristotle into Medieval Europe"]}